Case Study Ms. Sunanda Vashisht, IAS, comes from a family with strong moral and religious inclinations. She is the DM of a Hindu majority district with substantial Muslim population. There is only one good town hall in the district headquarters controlled by the estate department under the DM. Every year, both Hindus and Muslims used to celebrate their prominent festivals like Eid, Diwali or Ganesh Puja, in this hall. This year Eid and a well-known Hindu festival coincides. And the groups of both communities protesting for allotting the hall to celebrate their religious festival. (a) Mention the ethical and situational challenges that are faced by the DM. (b) Also mention your course of action to resolve the issue so that both communities can celebrate their festivals peacefully.

Case Study You are the District Election Officer (DEO) in a politically sensitive district in India, where a local election is taking place. Just days before the election, a deepfake video of one of the leading candidates emerges, showing them making controversial comments about a particular community. The video is quickly shared across social media platforms, leading to widespread misinformation, increased tension between local communities, and several violent protests. The police are struggling to control the situation, and the election authorities are under immense pressure to address the issue. As the DEO, you are tasked with managing the situation effectively. You must coordinate with local law enforcement, social media companies, and other stakeholders to contain the spread of the video and restore peace in the district. You also need to ensure that such incidents are prevented in the future while safeguarding the integrity of the election process. 1. What are the stakeholders involved in this situation? 2. What are the laws in place to curb deepfake? 3. What steps will you take to stop the spread of the deep fake video and calm the situation?

Case Study You are posted as the Sub-Divisional Magistrate (SDM) in an industrial region where a large number of small-scale brick kilns operate. Recently, the National Green Tribunal (NGT) has issued strict directions to shut down all kilns that do not comply with new environmental norms, including the adoption of zig-zag technology to reduce air pollution. Inspections reveal that nearly 60% of the kilns in your jurisdiction are non-compliant. While implementing the order, you receive representations from kiln owners stating that they lack the financial capacity to upgrade their technology immediately. Workers employed in these kilns, many of whom are migrant laborers, fear sudden unemployment and loss of livelihood. Local political representatives are also pressuring you to delay enforcement, citing possible social unrest and economic distress in the region. At the same time, environmental groups and public health activists are demanding strict and immediate action, highlighting the severe air pollution and its impact on public health, especially children and the elderly. You are aware that non-compliance with NGT orders may invite legal consequences and reflect poorly on your administrative integrity, while strict enforcement may lead to economic hardship and social tensions. Questions: Q1. What are the key ethical issues involved in this situation? Q2. What are the options available to you in handling this situation? Critically evaluate each option. Q3. What course of action would you adopt and how would you balance environmental responsibility with socio-economic concerns?

Case Study As the Deputy Commissioner of Police (DCP) in a metropolitan city, you oversee the implementation of an AI-based Facial Recognition System (FRS) designed to track criminals and prevent crimes. The system, installed across public spaces, has been instrumental in reducing theft, identifying suspects, and solving pending cases. However, concerns have emerged regarding false positives, privacy violations, and potential biases in the AI’s algorithm. Recently, the system flagged Ravi, a 22-year-old college student, for allegedly being present at a protest that turned violent. Based on the AI-generated report, Ravi was briefly detained for questioning, despite his insistence that he was not involved. His family and civil society groups argue that he was misidentified due to a technical error in the AI system. Investigations reveal that multiple individuals from marginalized backgrounds have been disproportionately flagged, raising concerns about bias in AI-driven policing. The city’s administration is now divided. Some officials advocate for pausing the AI project for an independent review, citing privacy concerns and wrongful detentions. Others argue that the benefits outweigh the risks and that AI errors can be rectified over time. Meanwhile, public outrage over Ravi’s case is growing, and the police department's credibility is at stake. Questions: A. How can law enforcement balance the benefits of AI-driven facial recognition with concerns over false positives, privacy violations, and algorithmic bias? B. What ethical principles should guide law enforcement in deploying AI tools, particularly in ensuring non-discrimination and protecting marginalized communities? C. What legal, procedural, and technological safeguards should be implemented to ensure AI-driven policing remains transparent, fair, and accountable?