“Efficient utilisation of public funds is fundamental to a sustainable society.” Examine the reasons for the lack of efficient utilisation of public funds.

What does this quotation convey to you in the present context? ‘‘Do not hate anybody, because that hatred that comes out from you must, in the long run, come back to you. If you love, that love will come back to you, completing the circle.’’ Swami Vivekananda (Answer in 1 50 words, UPSC Mains 2023)

Ethical leadership is the cornerstone of good governance, as it inspires public trust and champions transparency, accountability, and inclusivity within government institutions. Comment.

. Climate change threatens to exacerbate global inequalities and create new ethical dilemmas around resource allocation. How should nations balance their own interests with global responsibilities in addressing this crisis? Examine the ethical principles that should guide international climate action.

Discuss the role of emotions in moral decision-making. Are emotions a hindrance or a help to ethical reasoning?

In an era dominated by data, algorithms and artificial intelligence, how should ethical frameworks evolve to safeguard human dignity, accountability and fairness? (150 words).

In contemporary governance systems driven by efficiency and outcomes, discuss whether ethical considerations such as compassion and fairness risk being sidelined in public administration. (150 words).