“With the increasing frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, India must urgently integrate climate change adaptation into its disaster risk management framework. Discuss in the context of recent events and policy responses.”

‘India, as a whole, must integrate disaster preparedness into its core system, starting from the ground-level.’ In light of the statement, discuss the role of Panchayati Raj institution (PRI) in effective Disaster management.

Describe the various causes and the effects of landslides. Mention the important components of the National Landslide Risk Management Strategy.

Discuss about the vulnerability of India to earthquake related hazards. Give examples including the salient features of major disasters caused by earthquakes in different parts of India during the last three decades.

Himalaya may be entering a phase of irreversible decline because of losses to its ecology. Discuss in the light of frequent disasters in the region.

“The Himalayan region is simultaneously India’s water tower and disaster epicenter.” Critically examine in light of glacier retreat and hydropower expansion.

In the context of community-centric approaches, examine how local knowledge and decentralised governance can enhance disaster preparedness and recovery. ( 150 words).