What is urban heat island effect and what are its causes and consequences? Suggest some measures to mitigate the urban heat island effect in Indian cities.

Discuss the internal structure of the Earth and comment on S and P-waves shadow zones with suitable diagrams.

Explain the mechanism of the Indian Monsoon. How is the phenomenon of 'El Niño' impacting the rainfall patterns in the Indian subcontinent in recent years?

. What do you understand by continental drift theory? Discuss along with the evidences that support the theory.

Mention the global occurrence of volcanic eruptions in 2021 and their impact on the regional environment.

What do you understand by seismic noise? Discuss its impact on measuring the earth's seismic activities.

What do you understand by western disturbances? Discuss their role in influencing climate in India. Discuss